Stuttering and Fluency Disorders: Contemporary Explanatory Models and Evidence-Based Treatment Directions

Stuttering and cluttering are similarly fluency disorders which interrupt the production of speech by various complicated neurological, genetic, linguistic, psychological, and social mechanisms. Current research is no longer confined to models that explain speech disfluency by a single factor only.  The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the most important models on stuttering. It also provides clinical guidelines based on evidence. In the systematic narrative review, we searched the literature from PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar for the years 2020 to 2025 only. The variability in functioning among people who stutter is best accounted for by a multifactorial integrative model.  Genuine support constitutes an effective combination of early intervention, individualised combined behavioural and speech therapy, and psychological help.  To offer the best prospects for people with fluency disorders, intervention programmes should be evidence-based, targeted, and interdisciplinary. Identifying and avoiding stigmatizing practices as early as possible.